diff --git a/scala/solutions/Game.scala b/scala/solutions/Game.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb43e6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/solutions/Game.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package snake
+
+/** m05 game: one `update` turns every action into a new state; replaying a game is a fold over its actions. */
+object Game:
+
+  def update(state: GameState, action: Action): GameState = action match
+    case Action.Tick       => Spawn.tick(state)
+    case Action.Turn(dir)  => Rules.turn(state, dir)
+    case _                 => state // TogglePause, Restart and Frame arrive in m10
+
+  def replay(state: GameState, actions: List[Action]): GameState = actions.foldLeft(state)(update)
+
+  // scanLeft is foldLeft that keeps every intermediate result.
+  def history(state: GameState, actions: List[Action]): List[GameState] = actions.scanLeft(state)(update)
diff --git a/scala/solutions/Model.scala b/scala/solutions/Model.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..691c249
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/solutions/Model.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+package snake
+
+/** A grid cell. Two points with the same `x` and `y` are `==` (case classes compare structurally). */
+final case class Point(x: Int, y: Int)
+
+enum Direction:
+  case Up, Down, Left, Right
+
+enum Status:
+  case Playing, Paused, GameOver, Won
+
+/** Everything that can happen to the game, as data. */
+enum Action:
+  case Tick
+  case Turn(dir: Direction)
+  case TogglePause
+  case Restart
+  case Frame
+
+/** The whole game. `snake` is head first; `seed` is the unsigned 32-bit random seed (0 until 2^32). */
+final case class GameState(
+    width: Int,
+    height: Int,
+    snake: List[Point],
+    dir: Direction,
+    nextDir: Direction,
+    apple: Option[Point],
+    seed: Long,
+    score: Int,
+    status: Status,
+    frame: Int
+)
+
+/** m02 model: the data the whole game is built from. Case classes and enums are immutable. */
+object Model:
+
+  def delta(dir: Direction): Point = dir match
+    case Direction.Up    => Point(0, -1)
+    case Direction.Down  => Point(0, 1)
+    case Direction.Left  => Point(-1, 0)
+    case Direction.Right => Point(1, 0)
+
+  def opposite(dir: Direction): Direction = dir match
+    case Direction.Up    => Direction.Down
+    case Direction.Down  => Direction.Up
+    case Direction.Left  => Direction.Right
+    case Direction.Right => Direction.Left
+
+  def initialState(seed: Long): GameState = GameState(
+    width = 20,
+    height = 20,
+    snake = List(Point(10, 10), Point(9, 10), Point(8, 10)),
+    dir = Direction.Right,
+    nextDir = Direction.Right,
+    apple = None,
+    seed = seed,
+    score = 0,
+    status = Status.Playing,
+    frame = 0
+  )
diff --git a/scala/solutions/Random.scala b/scala/solutions/Random.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dd4a10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/solutions/Random.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package snake
+
+/**
+ * m04 random: a tiny "state monad" for randomness. A Random[A] is a function seed => (A, nextSeed),
+ * so every draw is a pure function and the seed is passed along explicitly instead of hidden.
+ * Seeds and values are unsigned 32-bit numbers kept in a Long.
+ */
+final case class Random[A](run: Long => (A, Long)):
+
+  def map[B](f: A => B): Random[B] =
+    Random { seed =>
+      val (a, next) = run(seed)
+      (f(a), next)
+    }
+
+  def flatMap[B](f: A => Random[B]): Random[B] =
+    Random { seed =>
+      val (a, next) = run(seed)
+      f(a).run(next)
+    }
+
+object Random:
+
+  def pure[A](a: A): Random[A] = Random(seed => (a, seed))
+
+  // The mulberry32 arithmetic is done in Int: `*` wraps like 32-bit multiplication and `>>>` is unsigned.
+  // `& 0xFFFFFFFFL` turns the result back into an unsigned value held in a Long.
+  lazy val nextUint32: Random[Long] = Random { seed =>
+    val s = seed.toInt + 0x6d2b79f5
+    val t1 = (s ^ (s >>> 15)) * (s | 1)
+    val t2 = t1 ^ (t1 + (t1 ^ (t1 >>> 7)) * (t1 | 61))
+    val value = t2 ^ (t2 >>> 14)
+    (value.toLong & 0xffffffffL, s.toLong & 0xffffffffL)
+  }
+
+  def intBelow(n: Int): Random[Int] = nextUint32.map(v => (v % n).toInt)
diff --git a/scala/solutions/Rules.scala b/scala/solutions/Rules.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2b07e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/solutions/Rules.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package snake
+
+/** m03 rules: the pure game rules. Each function takes a state and returns a new one. */
+object Rules:
+
+  def move(p: Point, dir: Direction): Point =
+    val d = Model.delta(dir)
+    Point(p.x + d.x, p.y + d.y)
+
+  def inBounds(state: GameState, p: Point): Boolean =
+    p.x >= 0 && p.x < state.width && p.y >= 0 && p.y < state.height
+
+  // Validate against `dir` (last moved), not `nextDir`: Up then Left within one tick must not fold the snake back on itself.
+  def turn(state: GameState, dir: Direction): GameState =
+    if state.status == Status.Playing && dir != Model.opposite(state.dir) then state.copy(nextDir = dir)
+    else state
+
+  def advance(state: GameState): GameState =
+    if state.status != Status.Playing then state
+    else
+      val d = state.nextDir
+      val head = move(state.snake.head, d)
+      val eating = state.apple.contains(head)
+      // When not eating, the tail leaves its cell this step, so the head may move into it.
+      val body = if eating then state.snake else Util.dropLast(state.snake)
+      if !inBounds(state, head) || Util.contains(body, head, _ == _) then
+        state.copy(dir = d, status = Status.GameOver)
+      else
+        state.copy(
+          snake = head :: body,
+          dir = d,
+          apple = if eating then None else state.apple,
+          score = state.score + (if eating then 1 else 0)
+        )
diff --git a/scala/solutions/Spawn.scala b/scala/solutions/Spawn.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78da631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/solutions/Spawn.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package snake
+
+/** m04 spawn: placing apples with the Random from Random.scala. */
+object Spawn:
+
+  def freeCells(state: GameState): List[Point] =
+    for
+      y <- Util.range(state.height)
+      x <- Util.range(state.width)
+      p = Point(x, y)
+      if !Util.contains(state.snake, p, _ == _)
+    yield p
+
+  def spawnApple(state: GameState): GameState =
+    if state.apple.isDefined || state.status != Status.Playing then state
+    else
+      val cells = freeCells(state)
+      if cells.isEmpty then state.copy(status = Status.Won)
+      else
+        val (i, seed) = Random.intBelow(cells.length).run(state.seed)
+        state.copy(apple = Some(cells(i)), seed = seed)
+
+  def tick(state: GameState): GameState = spawnApple(Rules.advance(state))
+
+  def newGame(seed: Long): GameState = spawnApple(Model.initialState(seed))
diff --git a/scala/solutions/Util.scala b/scala/solutions/Util.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e877584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/solutions/Util.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package snake
+
+/** m01 util: small helpers used by every later module. */
+object Util:
+
+  def range(n: Int): List[Int] = List.range(0, n)
+
+  def dropLast[A](xs: List[A]): List[A] = xs.dropRight(1)
+
+  def contains[A](xs: List[A], p: A, eq: (A, A) => Boolean): Boolean = xs.exists(x => eq(x, p))
diff --git a/scala/solutions/View.scala b/scala/solutions/View.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3807623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/solutions/View.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package snake
+
+/** A thing to draw. The picture is plain data; drawing it is somebody else's job (m07). */
+enum Shape:
+  case Rect(x: Int, y: Int, w: Int, h: Int, color: String)
+  case Text(x: Int, y: Int, text: String, color: String, size: Int, align: String)
+
+/** A picture: shapes drawn in order. */
+type Scene = List[Shape]
+
+/** m06 view: the picture is plain data (a list of shapes); drawing it is somebody else's job (m07). */
+object View:
+
+  val CELL: Int = 20
+
+  private def rect(x: Int, y: Int, w: Int, h: Int, color: String): Shape = Shape.Rect(x, y, w, h, color)
+
+  private def text(x: Int, y: Int, str: String, size: Int, align: String): Shape =
+    Shape.Text(x, y, str, "#ffffff", size, align)
+
+  // One cell, inset by 1px so neighbouring segments show a gap.
+  private def cell(p: Point, color: String): Shape = rect(p.x * CELL + 1, p.y * CELL + 1, CELL - 2, CELL - 2, color)
+
+  private def overlay(state: GameState): Scene =
+    val cx = state.width * CELL / 2
+    val cy = state.height * CELL / 2
+    def banner(title: String, hint: String): Scene =
+      List(text(cx, cy, title, 32, "center"), text(cx, cy + 30, hint, 16, "center"))
+    state.status match
+      case Status.Paused   => banner("Paused", "Press Space to resume")
+      case Status.GameOver => banner("Game Over", "Press R to restart")
+      case Status.Won      => banner("You Win!", "Press R to restart")
+      case Status.Playing  => Nil
+
+  def view(state: GameState): Scene =
+    List(rect(0, 0, state.width * CELL, state.height * CELL, "#111111")) ++
+      state.apple.map(cell(_, "#e53935")).toList ++
+      state.snake.zipWithIndex.map((p, i) => cell(p, if i == 0 then "#7cb342" else "#43a047")) ++
+      List(text(6, 18, s"Score: ${state.score}", 16, "left")) ++
+      overlay(state)
diff --git a/scala/src/Game.scala b/scala/src/Game.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39347a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/src/Game.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package snake
+
+/** m05 game: one `update` turns every action into a new state; replaying a game is a fold over its actions. */
+object Game:
+
+  /**
+   * The one function that says how the game changes: `(state, action) => state`.
+   *
+   * `Tick` runs a game step (`Spawn.tick`), `Turn` asks to change direction (`Rules.turn`);
+   * every other action returns the state unchanged (m10 gives them meaning).
+   */
+  def update(state: GameState, action: Action): GameState = ???
+
+  /** Apply all actions in order, starting from `state`, and return the final state. */
+  def replay(state: GameState, actions: List[Action]): GameState = ???
+
+  /** Like `replay`, but keep every state: `List(state, afterFirst, afterSecond, ...)`, so its length is `actions.length + 1`. */
+  def history(state: GameState, actions: List[Action]): List[GameState] = ???
diff --git a/scala/src/Model.scala b/scala/src/Model.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..009e547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/src/Model.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package snake
+
+/** A grid cell. Two points with the same `x` and `y` are `==` (case classes compare structurally). */
+final case class Point(x: Int, y: Int)
+
+enum Direction:
+  case Up, Down, Left, Right
+
+enum Status:
+  case Playing, Paused, GameOver, Won
+
+/** Everything that can happen to the game, as data. */
+enum Action:
+  case Tick
+  case Turn(dir: Direction)
+  case TogglePause
+  case Restart
+  case Frame
+
+/** The whole game. `snake` is head first; `seed` is the unsigned 32-bit random seed (0 until 2^32). */
+final case class GameState(
+    width: Int,
+    height: Int,
+    snake: List[Point],
+    dir: Direction,
+    nextDir: Direction,
+    apple: Option[Point],
+    seed: Long,
+    score: Int,
+    status: Status,
+    frame: Int
+)
+
+/** m02 model: the data the game is built from, plus two tiny functions over directions. */
+object Model:
+
+  /** The unit step for a direction: Up (0,-1), Down (0,1), Left (-1,0), Right (1,0). y grows downward. */
+  def delta(dir: Direction): Point = ???
+
+  /** The direction pointing the other way. */
+  def opposite(dir: Direction): Direction = ???
+
+  /**
+   * A fresh game: 20x20, snake (10,10),(9,10),(8,10) heading Right (`dir` and `nextDir`),
+   * no apple, the given seed, score 0, status Playing, frame 0.
+   */
+  def initialState(seed: Long): GameState = ???
diff --git a/scala/src/Random.scala b/scala/src/Random.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..888b3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/src/Random.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package snake
+
+/**
+ * A `Random[A]` is a plain function from a seed to a pair: `seed => (value, nextSeed)`.
+ * Seeds and values are unsigned 32-bit integers held in a `Long` (0 until 2^32).
+ * Nothing is hidden or mutated: the caller carries the seed.
+ */
+final case class Random[A](run: Long => (A, Long)):
+
+  /** Transform the value this Random produces; the seed threading is unchanged. */
+  def map[B](f: A => B): Random[B] = ???
+
+  /** Run this Random, feed its value to `f` to pick the next Random, and run that with the seed this one left behind. */
+  def flatMap[B](f: A => Random[B]): Random[B] = ???
+
+object Random:
+
+  /** A Random that always gives `a` and leaves the seed untouched. */
+  def pure[A](a: A): Random[A] = ???
+
+  /**
+   * The generator (mulberry32). Do the arithmetic in `Int`: `*` wraps around like 32-bit multiplication
+   * and `>>>` is an unsigned shift. With `s = seed.toInt + 0x6D2B79F5`:
+   * {{{
+   *   t = (s ^ (s >>> 15)) * (s | 1)
+   *   t = t ^ (t + (t ^ (t >>> 7)) * (t | 61))
+   *   value = t ^ (t >>> 14)
+   * }}}
+   * Both `value` and the new seed `s` are returned as unsigned values: `x.toLong & 0xFFFFFFFFL`.
+   */
+  lazy val nextUint32: Random[Long] = ???
+
+  /** A Random giving a number in `[0, n)`: the `nextUint32` value modulo `n`. */
+  def intBelow(n: Int): Random[Int] = ???
diff --git a/scala/src/Rules.scala b/scala/src/Rules.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..244525d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/src/Rules.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package snake
+
+/** m03 rules: the pure game rules. Each function takes a state and returns a new one. */
+object Rules:
+
+  /** The cell one step from `p` in direction `dir`. No wrapping: it may land outside the board. */
+  def move(p: Point, dir: Direction): Point = ???
+
+  /** True if `p` lies on the board: `0 <= x < width` and `0 <= y < height`. */
+  def inBounds(state: GameState, p: Point): Boolean = ???
+
+  /**
+   * Ask to turn the snake. Returns `state` unchanged unless the game is Playing and
+   * `dir` is not the opposite of `state.dir` (the direction the snake last *moved*, not `nextDir`).
+   * Otherwise sets `nextDir = dir`. Several turns in one tick: the last allowed one wins.
+   */
+  def turn(state: GameState, dir: Direction): GameState = ???
+
+  /**
+   * One step of the game. Returns `state` unchanged unless Playing. Otherwise the head moves in `nextDir`
+   * (which becomes `dir`):
+   *  - head lands on the apple: the snake grows (tail kept), score + 1, apple becomes None;
+   *  - otherwise the tail cell is vacated, so the head may enter the cell the tail is leaving;
+   *  - head off the board, or onto a remaining body cell: status GameOver, snake unchanged (but `dir` updated).
+   */
+  def advance(state: GameState): GameState = ???
diff --git a/scala/src/Spawn.scala b/scala/src/Spawn.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c22442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/src/Spawn.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+package snake
+
+/** m04 spawn: placing apples with the Random from Random.scala. */
+object Spawn:
+
+  /** Every board cell not covered by the snake, row-major (y outer loop, x inner loop). The apple does not count as occupied. */
+  def freeCells(state: GameState): List[Point] = ???
+
+  /**
+   * Put an apple on a random free cell, drawing from `state.seed` (use `intBelow` and store the new seed).
+   * Unchanged if there already is an apple or the status is not Playing.
+   * If no cell is free the board is full: status becomes Won (seed unchanged, no apple).
+   */
+  def spawnApple(state: GameState): GameState = ???
+
+  /** One game step: `advance`, then make sure there is an apple. */
+  def tick(state: GameState): GameState = ???
+
+  /** A fresh game (`initialState`) with its first apple already placed. */
+  def newGame(seed: Long): GameState = ???
diff --git a/scala/src/Util.scala b/scala/src/Util.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4e3693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/src/Util.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package snake
+
+/** Small helpers used by every later module (m01). */
+object Util:
+
+  /** `range(n)` is `List(0, 1, ..., n-1)`; `range(0)` is `Nil`. */
+  def range(n: Int): List[Int] = ???
+
+  /** `xs` without its last element; an empty list stays empty. */
+  def dropLast[A](xs: List[A]): List[A] = ???
+
+  /** True if some element `x` of `xs` satisfies `eq(x, p)`. `eq` lets callers choose how elements are compared. */
+  def contains[A](xs: List[A], p: A, eq: (A, A) => Boolean): Boolean = ???
diff --git a/scala/src/View.scala b/scala/src/View.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b8d16e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/src/View.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package snake
+
+/** A thing to draw. The picture is plain data; drawing it is somebody else's job (m07). */
+enum Shape:
+  case Rect(x: Int, y: Int, w: Int, h: Int, color: String)
+  case Text(x: Int, y: Int, text: String, color: String, size: Int, align: String)
+
+/** A picture: shapes drawn in order. */
+type Scene = List[Shape]
+
+/** m06 view: from game state to a Scene. */
+object View:
+
+  /** Pixels per board cell. */
+  val CELL: Int = 20
+
+  /**
+   * Describe the picture as data, in this order: background `Rect(0, 0, width*CELL, height*CELL, "#111111")`;
+   * the apple (if any) as `Rect(ax*CELL+1, ay*CELL+1, CELL-2, CELL-2, "#e53935")`; each snake segment in list order,
+   * same size, head "#7cb342" and body "#43a047"; `Text(6, 18, "Score: <n>", "#ffffff", 16, "left")`;
+   * then an overlay centred at (width*CELL/2, height*CELL/2), all "#ffffff", align "center":
+   * Paused: "Paused" (size 32) and, 30px lower, "Press Space to resume" (size 16);
+   * GameOver: "Game Over" + "Press R to restart"; Won: "You Win!" + "Press R to restart"; Playing: none.
+   */
+  def view(state: GameState): Scene = ???
diff --git a/scala/test/Fixtures.test.scala b/scala/test/Fixtures.test.scala
index fd74b37..48ad719 100644
--- a/scala/test/Fixtures.test.scala
+++ b/scala/test/Fixtures.test.scala
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ package snake
 
 import java.nio.file.{Files, Paths}
 
-/** Loads shared fixtures from ../fixtures/<name>.json.
-  * Typed decoders (point, direction, status, action, state, opt) arrive with the model (Task 11). */
+/** Loads shared fixtures from ../fixtures/<name>.json and decodes them into the course's types. */
 object Fixtures:
   private val dir = Paths.get(sys.props.getOrElse("user.dir", ".")).resolve("..").resolve("fixtures").normalize
 
@@ -16,3 +15,38 @@ object Fixtures:
   /** Decode a nullable JSON value into an Option. */
   def opt[A](v: ujson.Value)(f: ujson.Value => A): Option[A] =
     if v.isNull then None else Some(f(v))
+
+  def point(v: ujson.Value): Point = Point(v("x").num.toInt, v("y").num.toInt)
+
+  def direction(v: ujson.Value): Direction = Direction.valueOf(v.str)
+
+  def status(v: ujson.Value): Status = Status.valueOf(v.str)
+
+  def action(v: ujson.Value): Action = v("tag").str match
+    case "Tick"        => Action.Tick
+    case "Turn"        => Action.Turn(direction(v("dir")))
+    case "TogglePause" => Action.TogglePause
+    case "Restart"     => Action.Restart
+    case "Frame"       => Action.Frame
+    case other         => throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"unknown action tag: $other")
+
+  def gameState(v: ujson.Value): GameState = GameState(
+    width = v("width").num.toInt,
+    height = v("height").num.toInt,
+    snake = v("snake").arr.toList.map(point),
+    dir = direction(v("dir")),
+    nextDir = direction(v("nextDir")),
+    apple = opt(v("apple"))(point),
+    seed = v("seed").num.toLong,
+    score = v("score").num.toInt,
+    status = status(v("status")),
+    frame = v("frame").num.toInt
+  )
+
+  def shape(v: ujson.Value): Shape = v("tag").str match
+    case "Rect" => Shape.Rect(v("x").num.toInt, v("y").num.toInt, v("w").num.toInt, v("h").num.toInt, v("color").str)
+    case "Text" =>
+      Shape.Text(v("x").num.toInt, v("y").num.toInt, v("text").str, v("color").str, v("size").num.toInt, v("align").str)
+    case other => throw new IllegalArgumentException(s"unknown shape tag: $other")
+
+  def list[A](v: ujson.Value)(f: ujson.Value => A): List[A] = v.arr.toList.map(f)
diff --git a/scala/test/M01Util.test.scala b/scala/test/M01Util.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f51cbf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/M01Util.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package snake
+
+class M01UtilSuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  test("range(0) is empty") { assertEquals(Util.range(0), Nil) }
+  test("range(3) counts from zero up to n-1") { assertEquals(Util.range(3), List(0, 1, 2)) }
+
+  test("dropLast of an empty list is empty") { assertEquals(Util.dropLast(List.empty[Int]), Nil) }
+  test("dropLast removes only the last element") { assertEquals(Util.dropLast(List(1, 2, 3)), List(1, 2)) }
+  test("dropLast leaves its input untouched") {
+    val xs = List(1, 2, 3)
+    assertEquals(Util.dropLast(xs), List(1, 2))
+    assertEquals(xs, List(1, 2, 3))
+  }
+
+  private val sameParity = (a: Int, b: Int) => a % 2 == b % 2
+  test("contains finds an element using the supplied equality") {
+    assertEquals(Util.contains(List(1, 2, 3), 5, sameParity), true)
+  }
+  test("contains is false when no element is equal") { assertEquals(Util.contains(List(2, 4), 3, sameParity), false) }
+  test("contains is false for an empty list") { assertEquals(Util.contains(List.empty[Int], 1, _ == _), false) }
+  test("contains compares structurally when given a structural equality") {
+    assertEquals(Util.contains(List(Point(1, 2)), Point(1, 2), _ == _), true)
+  }
diff --git a/scala/test/M02Model.test.scala b/scala/test/M02Model.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe32d6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/M02Model.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package snake
+
+import Fixtures.*
+
+class M02ModelSuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  cases("m02-delta").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"delta: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Model.delta(direction(c("args")(0))), point(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m02-opposite").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"opposite: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Model.opposite(direction(c("args")(0))), direction(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // pointEquals has no Scala function: case classes already compare structurally with `==`.
+  // The shared fixture is kept so every track checks the same four situations.
+  cases("m02-point-equals").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"pointEquals (case-class ==): ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = point(c("args")(0))
+      val b = point(c("args")(1))
+      assertEquals(a == b, c("expected").bool)
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m02-initial-state").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"initialState: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Model.initialState(c("args")(0).num.toLong), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("Point holds its coordinates") {
+    val p = Point(3, 4)
+    assertEquals((p.x, p.y), (3, 4))
+  }
+
+  test("opposite is its own inverse") {
+    Direction.values.foreach(d => assertEquals(Model.opposite(Model.opposite(d)), d))
+  }
+
+  test("Action.Turn carries the direction") {
+    assertEquals(Action.Turn(Direction.Left), Action.Turn(Direction.Left))
+    assertNotEquals(Action.Turn(Direction.Left), Action.Turn(Direction.Right))
+    Action.Turn(Direction.Left) match
+      case Action.Turn(d) => assertEquals(d, Direction.Left)
+      case other          => fail(s"expected Turn, got $other")
+  }
+
+  test("the other Actions are distinct constants") {
+    val all = List(Action.Tick, Action.TogglePause, Action.Restart, Action.Frame)
+    assertEquals(all.distinct.length, 4)
+  }
diff --git a/scala/test/M03Rules.test.scala b/scala/test/M03Rules.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6abbf8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/M03Rules.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package snake
+
+import Fixtures.*
+
+class M03RulesSuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  cases("m03-move").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"move: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = c("args")
+      assertEquals(Rules.move(point(a(0)), direction(a(1))), point(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m03-in-bounds").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"inBounds: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = c("args")
+      assertEquals(Rules.inBounds(gameState(a(0)), point(a(1))), c("expected").bool)
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m03-turn").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"turn: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = c("args")
+      assertEquals(Rules.turn(gameState(a(0)), direction(a(1))), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m03-advance").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"advance: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Rules.advance(gameState(c("args")(0))), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
diff --git a/scala/test/M04Random.test.scala b/scala/test/M04Random.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d984dea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/M04Random.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package snake
+
+import Fixtures.*
+
+class M04RandomSuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  // Same values as the JS and F# tracks: if mulberry32 drifts (signed math, missing unsigned conversion), these fail.
+  cases("m04-random").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"nextUint32: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val e = c("expected").arr
+      assertEquals(Random.nextUint32.run(c("args")(0).num.toLong), (e(0).num.toLong, e(1).num.toLong))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m04-int-below").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"intBelow: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = c("args")
+      val e = c("expected").arr
+      assertEquals(Random.intBelow(a(0).num.toInt).run(a(1).num.toLong), (e(0).num.toInt, e(1).num.toLong))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("the recorded steps chain: each step starts from the previous step's seed") {
+    val cs = cases("m04-random")
+    cs.zipWithIndex.foreach { (c, i) =>
+      if !c("name").str.endsWith("-step-1") then
+        assertEquals(c("args")(0).num.toLong, cs(i - 1)("expected")(1).num.toLong)
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("pure returns its value and leaves the seed alone") {
+    assertEquals(Random.pure("x").run(99L), ("x", 99L))
+  }
+
+  test("map applies f to the value and keeps the seed from the underlying step") {
+    val (v, s) = Random.nextUint32.run(5L)
+    assertEquals(Random.nextUint32.map(_ + 1).run(5L), (v + 1, s))
+  }
+
+  test("map with the identity function changes nothing") {
+    assertEquals(Random.nextUint32.map(identity).run(5L), Random.nextUint32.run(5L))
+  }
+
+  test("flatMap threads the seed through both steps") {
+    val (a, s1) = Random.nextUint32.run(5L)
+    val (b, s2) = Random.nextUint32.run(s1)
+    val both = Random.nextUint32.flatMap(x => Random.nextUint32.map(y => (x, y)))
+    assertEquals(both.run(5L), ((a, b), s2))
+  }
+
+  test("flatMap with pure on the left or right changes nothing") {
+    assertEquals(
+      Random.pure(3L).flatMap(x => Random.nextUint32.map(_ + x)).run(5L),
+      Random.nextUint32.map(_ + 3L).run(5L)
+    )
+    assertEquals(Random.nextUint32.flatMap(Random.pure).run(5L), Random.nextUint32.run(5L))
+  }
+
+  test("intBelow always lands in [0, n)") {
+    def draws(n: Int, seed: Long, count: Int): List[Int] =
+      if count == 0 then Nil
+      else
+        val (v, s) = Random.intBelow(n).run(seed)
+        v :: draws(n, s, count - 1)
+    List(1, 2, 7, 400).foreach { n =>
+      draws(n, 123L, 50).foreach(v => assert(v >= 0 && v < n, s"$v not in [0, $n)"))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("running a Random does not mutate anything: same seed, same answer") {
+    assertEquals(Random.nextUint32.run(8L), Random.nextUint32.run(8L))
+  }
diff --git a/scala/test/M04Spawn.test.scala b/scala/test/M04Spawn.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2ba50f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/M04Spawn.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package snake
+
+import Fixtures.*
+
+class M04SpawnSuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  cases("m04-free-cells").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"freeCells: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Spawn.freeCells(gameState(c("args")(0))), list(c("expected"))(point))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m04-spawn").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"spawnApple: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Spawn.spawnApple(gameState(c("args")(0))), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m04-new-game").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"newGame: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Spawn.newGame(c("args")(0).num.toLong), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m04-tick").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"tick: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(Spawn.tick(gameState(c("args")(0))), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 3x2 board, one-cell snake, about to eat the apple at (1,0)
+  private val eating = GameState(3, 2, List(Point(0, 0)), Direction.Right, Direction.Right,
+    Some(Point(1, 0)), 0L, 0, Status.Playing, 0)
+
+  test("tick: eating the apple spawns a new one in the same step") {
+    // snake becomes (1,0),(0,0); free cells are (2,0),(0,1),(1,1),(2,1); seed 0 draws 1144304738 % 4 = 2 -> (1,1)
+    assertEquals(
+      Spawn.tick(eating),
+      eating.copy(snake = List(Point(1, 0), Point(0, 0)), apple = Some(Point(1, 1)), score = 1, seed = 1831565813L)
+    )
+  }
+
+  test("tick is spawnApple after advance") {
+    assertEquals(Spawn.tick(eating), Spawn.spawnApple(Rules.advance(eating)))
+  }
+
+  test("tick leaves the seed alone when no apple needs spawning") {
+    assertEquals(Spawn.tick(eating.copy(apple = Some(Point(2, 1)))).seed, 0L)
+  }
+
+  test("newGame is reproducible: same seed, same game") {
+    assertEquals(Spawn.newGame(42L), Spawn.newGame(42L))
+  }
diff --git a/scala/test/M05Game.test.scala b/scala/test/M05Game.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cdfb7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/M05Game.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package snake
+
+import Fixtures.*
+
+class M05GameSuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  cases("m05-update").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"update: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = c("args")
+      assertEquals(Game.update(gameState(a(0)), action(a(1))), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m05-replay").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"replay: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = c("args")
+      assertEquals(Game.replay(gameState(a(0)), list(a(1))(action)), gameState(c("expected")))
+    }
+  }
+
+  cases("m05-history").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"history: ${c("name").str}") {
+      val a = c("args")
+      assertEquals(Game.history(gameState(a(0)), list(a(1))(action)), list(c("expected"))(gameState))
+    }
+  }
+
+  private val replayArgs = cases("m05-replay")(0)("args")
+  private val start = gameState(replayArgs(0))
+  private val actions = list(replayArgs(1))(action)
+
+  test("history has one more state than there are actions") {
+    assertEquals(Game.history(start, actions).length, actions.length + 1)
+  }
+
+  test("history starts at the start state and ends where replay ends") {
+    val states = Game.history(start, actions)
+    assertEquals(states.head, start)
+    assertEquals(states.last, Game.replay(start, actions))
+  }
diff --git a/scala/test/M06View.test.scala b/scala/test/M06View.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88587f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/M06View.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package snake
+
+import Fixtures.*
+
+class M06ViewSuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  test("CELL is 20 pixels") { assertEquals(View.CELL, 20) }
+
+  cases("m06-view").foreach { c =>
+    test(s"view: ${c("name").str}") {
+      assertEquals(View.view(gameState(c("args")(0))), list(c("expected"))(shape))
+    }
+  }
diff --git a/scala/test/Purity.test.scala b/scala/test/Purity.test.scala
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86011bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scala/test/Purity.test.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package snake
+
+import java.nio.file.{Files, Path, Paths}
+import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters.*
+
+class PuritySuite extends munit.FunSuite:
+  private val srcDir = Paths.get(sys.props.getOrElse("user.dir", ".")).resolve("src")
+
+  // Files that are allowed to touch the outside world (a future web/ directory lives outside src/).
+  private def excluded(file: Path): Boolean = file.getFileName.toString == "Runtime.scala"
+
+  private val banned: List[(String, scala.util.matching.Regex, String)] = List(
+    ("var", """\bvar\b""".r, "var n = 0"),
+    ("mutable", """\bmutable\b""".r, "val b = scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[Int]()"),
+    ("while", """\bwhile\b""".r, "while n < 3 do n += 1"),
+    ("scala.util.Random", """\bscala\.util\.Random\b""".r, "val r = scala.util.Random.nextInt()"),
+    ("System.", """\bSystem\.""".r, "val t = System.currentTimeMillis()"),
+    ("println", """\bprintln\b""".r, "println(\"hi\")")
+  )
+
+  private def stripComments(code: String): String =
+    code.replaceAll("""(?s)/\*.*?\*/""", "").replaceAll("""(?m)//.*$""", "")
+
+  private def violations(code: String): List[String] =
+    val clean = stripComments(code)
+    banned.collect { case (name, re, _) if re.findFirstIn(clean).isDefined => name }
+
+  private def scalaFiles(dir: Path): List[Path] =
+    if !Files.exists(dir) then Nil
+    else Files.walk(dir).iterator.asScala.filter(f => f.toString.endsWith(".scala")).toList.sorted
+
+  banned.foreach { (name, _, sample) =>
+    test(s"purity scanner flags a known-bad sample using $name") {
+      assert(violations(sample).contains(name))
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("purity scanner ignores banned words inside comments") {
+    val code = "// var mutable println\n/* while (x) System.exit(1) */\nval a = 1 // scala.util.Random\n"
+    assertEquals(violations(code), Nil)
+  }
+
+  test("purity scanner accepts ordinary pure code") {
+    assertEquals(violations("def f(xs: List[Int]): List[Int] = xs.map(_ + 1)"), Nil)
+  }
+
+  scalaFiles(srcDir).filterNot(excluded).foreach { f =>
+    test(s"purity: ${srcDir.relativize(f)} has no banned constructs") {
+      assertEquals(violations(Files.readString(f)), Nil)
+    }
+  }